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Gustav Overbeck (4 March 1830 – 8 April 1894) from 1867 Gustav von Overbeck, in 1873 Baron von Overbeck, in 1877 Maharaja of Sabah and Rajah of Gaya and Sandakan, was a Germans businessman, adventurer and diplomat.
Overbeck came to Bremen for a commercial apprenticeship with his uncle in the family business there, but did not stay long, and emigrated to the United States in the spring of 1850 with his cousin August Meier. He went to San Francisco and opened a business, while undertaking adventurous trade journeys to Hawaii, the South Seas, Alaska, and the Bering Strait.
From November 1877, he undertook an expedition to Borneo with an American steamer for the acquisition of territorial rights and the exploitation of mineral resources in the territory. Following his expedition, he met with the Sultan of Sulu and forged a treaty with Sultan Jamalulazam of Sulu, who titled him Dato Bendahara and Raja Sandakan on 22 January 1878. The far-reaching concession attracted great attention in Europe and the United States; The Washington Post described it as the most important transfer obtained by a commercial company since the days of the British East India Company.
However, on 22 July 1878, Spanish forces operating from the Philippines forced the Sultan of Sulu to surrender, causing Overbeck to lose his title and territory in the north-eastern areas he had gained from the Sultan. Overbeck then returned to Europe from 1879 to 1880 to seek support for an enforcement of the concession agreement and to promote the territory to the German Empire, Austria-Hungary and the Kingdom of Italy. As the United Kingdom had a strong interest in Borneo, Overbeck managed to gain support from them; meanwhile, in Germany, only Alexander Georg Mosle supported his bid to acquire the territory for the German Empire.
At the beginning of 1881, the British North Borneo Provisional Association Limited was established after Overbeck transferred its rights to the Dent brothers. Within a year, the company succeeded in pushing back the Spanish claim, establishing the territory as a British protectorate known as North Borneo. To this day, the interpretation of the Jawi script concession documents of 1877–78 plays a role in the international dispute between Malaysia and the Philippines regarding territorial claims in northern Borneo (modern Sabah).
On 16 March 1870, Overbeck married Romaine Madeleine Goddard (1848–1926). Her father was Daniel Convers Goddard (1822–1852), the first Assistant Secretary in the United States Department of the Interior; her mother Madeleine Vinton Dahlgren (1825–1898), daughter of the Congressman Samuel F. Vinton, was a well known author who married Admiral John A. Dahlgren in 1865 (her second marriage). The wedding of Overbeck and Romaine Goddard on 16 March 1870 was a social event in Washington, D.C., attended by President Ulysses S. Grant, his wife Julia Grant, Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase, and numerous ambassadors.
The couple had three sons: Baron Gustav Convers von Overbeck, Baron Oscar Karl Maria von Overbeck and Baron Alfred von Overbeck (1877–1945). Romaine was an excellent pianist and often stayed with her family in Washington during her husband's journeys; In December 1875, she was presented by Kurd von Schlözer at the German Embassy in Washington, and began a brief, tempestuous affair with Hans von Bülow. Relying financially on the income from a family trust invested in coal mines, she later lived apart from her husband in Baden-Baden and Berlin. Little is known about Overbeck's life in the years following the estrangement. Overbeck died at the age of 64 in London.
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